Topic 2 Summary: Background to Artificial Intelligence

This topic explored some of the most common and important applications of Artificial Intelligence, along with the behavioural types that define how AI systems operate. Below is a quick recap to reinforce your understanding.


✔ Natural Language Processing (NLP)

AI that understands and processes human language through text or speech.
Examples include voice assistants, chatbots, translation tools, and text analysis.


✔ Expert Systems

AI systems designed to make decisions like human experts.
They rely on:

  • Knowledge Base
  • Inference Engine
  • User Interface
  • Explanation Facility

✔ Speech Recognition

AI that converts spoken language into text or commands.
Used in voice typing, hands-free calling, and smart assistants.


✔ Handwriting Recognition

AI that reads and interprets handwritten input.
Used in tablets, scanning, signature verification, and postal systems.


✔ Vision Systems (Computer Vision)

AI that interprets images and video.
Used in face recognition, self-driving cars, medical imaging, and scanning.


✔ Behavioural Types of AI

  • Reactive Machines: No memory, respond only to current input
  • Limited Memory AI: Learns from past data (most modern AI)
  • Theory of Mind AI: Future idea; understands human emotions
  • Self-Aware AI: Theoretical; AI with consciousness

✔ Real-World Applications

AI is used in healthcare, finance, agriculture, education, transport, retail, gaming, and many more industries.